Kuwongolera Kuwononga Mumapaipi a Mafuta ndi Gasi
M’mayiko osiyanasiyana, magwero osiyanasiyana a mphamvu, monga mafuta, gasi, zokwiriridwa pansi ndi mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Mafuta ndi gasi ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu popanga ndikuthandizira moyo ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi.Monga chinthu china chilichonse, pakufunika kupititsa patsogolo kugawa bwino kwamafuta ndi gasi kuchokera kumalo opangira zinthu kupita kwa ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana kudzera mwa oyimira (ngati alipo).Pankhaniyi, kugawa bwino kwa mafuta ndi gasi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumatsimikizira kuti ali otetezeka.Kuphatikiza apo, imawonetsetsa kuti mafakitale amagetsi ndi otetezeka, chifukwa kutayikira kulikonse komwe kungachitike kumazindikirika ndikutetezedwa mwachangu.Zotsatira zake, kuipitsa chilengedwe kumachepa.Magwero osiyanasiyana amphamvu amafunikira mayendedwe kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kugwira ntchito moyenera komanso kuchita bwino kuyenera kuwonedwa panthawiyi.Mwachitsanzo, mafuta osakanizidwa ayenera kutengedwa kuchokera kumalo opangirako kapena kugwero kupita kumalo oyenga mafuta ndi kuchoka kumalo oyeretsera mafuta kupita kwa omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito.Choncho, pakufunika kupanga njira yoyenera yonyamulira mafuta ndi gasi kuchokera kumalo opangira zinthu kupita kumalo oyeretsera komanso kuchokera kumalo oyeretsera kupita kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.Ukadaulo wamapaipi amafuta ndi gasi ndiye njira yayikulu yoyendera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa mafuta ndi gasi ku United States of America.Magawo osiyanasiyana azachuma padziko lonse lapansi asintha, motero gawo lamagetsi silili lapadera.Ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawoli wakula kwambiri, womwe umakhudzana ndi kufunikira kolimbikitsa chitetezo komanso magwiridwe antchito a mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.Zomwe zachitikazi zapangitsa kuti dongosololi likhale lothandiza kwambiri pakunyamula mafuta ndi gasi m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Mitundu Ya Mapaipi a Mafuta ndi Gasi
Monga tanenera kale, mitundu ya mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi amatengera malo oyendera komanso zinthu zomwe zikuyenda.Kusonkhanitsa mizere kunyamula katundu pa mtunda waufupi.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ponyamula mafuta osakhwima ndi gasi wachilengedwe kuchokera kumalo opangira kupita kumalo oyeretsera.Mizere yosonkhanirayo ndi yayifupi chifukwa imakhudza kunyamula mafuta osayengedwa ndi gasi wachilengedwe kuchokera kumalo opangirako kupita kumalo oyeretsera (Kennedy, 1993).Mizere ya feeder imakhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka mafuta ndi gasi kuchokera kumalo oyeretsera kupita kumalo osungiramo kapena kulumikiza mafuta oyengedwa ndi gasi ku mapaipi akutali (Kennedy, 1993).Chifukwa chake, mizere iyi imakhala mtunda waufupi poyerekeza ndi omwe amagawa mafuta ndi gasi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito / msika.Mizere yopatsirana ndi ena mwa njira zovuta kwambiri zamapaipi.Amakhala ndi maukonde a mizere yomwe imagawa gasi ndi mafuta achilengedwe kudutsa malire.Njira zotumizira mafuta ndi gasi zimakhala ndi udindo wogawa mafuta ndi gasi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omaliza, chifukwa chake amayenda mtunda wautali.Makamaka, boma nthawi zambiri limayang'anira njira zotumizira mafuta chifukwa amagawa mafuta ndi gasi kudutsa malire amkati ndi akunja.Mapaipi ogawa, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ali ndi udindo wogawa mafuta ndi gasi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.Nthawi zambiri, mapaipi awa ndi ake komanso amayendetsedwa ndi makampani ogawa omwe amagulitsa mafuta ndi gasi kwa ogula omaliza.Ogula omaliza amaphatikiza mabizinesi, nyumba ndi mafakitale omwe amadalira mitundu ya mphamvu (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Mapaipi ogawa ndi ovuta kwambiri chifukwa amayang'ana kwambiri kutumikira makasitomala m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndi Kufunika Kwa Mapaipi A Mafuta Ndi Gasi
Kufunika kwa mapaipi sikunganyalanyazidwe poganizira za ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya gasi ndi mafuta poyendetsa chuma.Mafuta ndi gasi ndizofunikira kwambiri zopangira mphamvu zamafakitale, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimathandizira kuyendetsa chuma.Kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi kumakhudza kugawa kwamafuta ndi gasi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omaliza.Ndi njira yabwino kwambiri, yothandiza komanso yotetezeka yonyamulira mafuta ndi gasi wambiri kuchokera kumalo opangira, kupita kumalo oyeretsera komanso kwa ogula omaliza (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Kufunika kwa mapaipi ndi chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.Poyamba, mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi atsimikizira kukhala njira zotetezeka zonyamulira mafuta ndi gasi.Zili pansi pa misewu, kudutsa nyumba, ndi minda koma sizikhudza moyo wa anthu okhalamo.Kuphatikiza apo, kufalikira kwawo kumathandizira kukulitsa mwayi wopeza mphamvu kumadera onse mosasamala kanthu komwe ali.Choncho, iwo ndi ofunikira mu mbadwo wa mphamvu, womwe ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kupulumuka kwa mtundu wa anthu.Popanda mphamvu, zingakhale zovuta kuti mayiko azisamalira nzika zawo chifukwa chosowa katundu ndi ntchito zofunika.Kufunika kwina kwa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi ndikuti amathandizira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwathunthu kwazinthu zachilengedwe mdziko muno.Mapaipi amathandizira kunyamula mafuta osapsa ndi gasi kuchokera komwe amakhala kupita kumalo oyenga.Choncho, dzikoli lingagwiritse ntchito mwayi wopezeka kwa gasi ndi mafuta ngakhale kumidzi chifukwa cha kuyenda mosavuta.Ntchito zofufuza mafuta m’madera akumidzi zikanakhala zosatheka popanda mapaipiwo.Izi zikutanthauza kuti mapaipi amakhudza kupanga zinthu zonse zamafuta amafuta kuchokera kumafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku magwero.Mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi athandizanso mayiko amene alibe magwero amafuta ndi gasi okwanira.Ndizotheka kunyamula mafuta ndi gasi kuchokera kumayiko ndi mayiko pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi.Chifukwa chake, mayiko opanda zitsime zamafuta kapena zoyenga atha kugwiritsabe ntchito zinthu zamafuta, mafuta ndi gasi monga gwero lawo lalikulu lamphamvu (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Amakhala ndi maukonde ovuta a mizere yogawa yomwe imathandiza potumikira madera omwe alibe mphamvu zachilengedwe zokwanira.Mosakayikira, moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku umadalira kwambiri kukhalapo kwa ukadaulo wa mapaipi.Kupezeka kwa petulo kudutsa msewu, gasi wophikira, mafuta a jet ndi injini zamafakitale ndi zotsatira za ndalama muukadaulo wamapaipi.Kuchulukirachulukira kwa mapaipi ku United States ndi m'maiko ena ndi chizindikiro cha kufunikira kwawo pakuthandizira moyo ndi ntchito zachuma.Mafuta ndi gasi, monga ananenera Miesner & Leffler (2006), ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga mafakitale a mayiko, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi mtundu watsopano wa mpikisano.Makampani omwe ali ndi mwayi wokwanira ku mitundu ya mphamvu amatha kukhala opikisana kwambiri, zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhalapo ndi kufunikira kwa maukonde a mapaipi kwambiri.Kufunika kwa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi kumalimbikitsidwanso ndi kulephera komanso kusakwanira kwa njira zina zonyamulira mafuta ndi gasi.Mwachitsanzo, n'kosatheka kunyamula mafuta ndi gasi wochuluka pogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto ndi njanji chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe zimayendera.Kuonjezera apo, mapaipiwa samapweteka njira zina zogwirira ntchito monga misewu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi zotsika mtengo komanso zodziyimira pawokha.
Zida Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pamapaipi a Mafuta ndi Gasi
Mapaipi amatha kuganiziridwa ngati gawo la moyo wathu chifukwa ali pansi pa nyumba ndi misewu yathu.Chifukwa chake, chitetezo cha mapaipi ndichofunika kwambiri pamapangidwe awo ndi uinjiniya.Chitsulo ndicho chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.Chifukwa chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito chitsulo ndi makhalidwe ake a kulimba, ductility ndi weldability (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Kuuma kumathandizira kukana ming'alu, zomwe zingayambitse kutayikira.Choncho, zitsulo zimathandiza mapaipi kupirira kupanikizika kwa katundu, kutentha ndi kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa sichimva ming'alu.Komabe, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri sizinthu zogwira ntchito popanga mapaipi, ngakhale kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri pazikhalidwe zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa.Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon, malinga ndi Kiefner & Trench (2001), ndi njira yotsika mtengo yachitsulo yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu komanso ductility yofunikira pamapaipi.Zitsulo zina monga chitsulo sizolimba kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa ming'alu ndi kusweka.Choncho, chitsulo chochepa cha carbon ndi chinthu chothandiza kwambiri popanga mapaipi chifukwa chimalepheretsa kuphulika, zomwe zingayambitse mafuta ndi gasi.Chifukwa china chogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo pomanga mapaipi ndi kuthekera kwawo kupirira kusintha kwa kutentha pakapita nthawi.Chitsulo sichimasintha pakapita nthawi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndichothandiza kwambiri pomanga zinthu zomwe zimakumana ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana.Mphamvu yamphamvu yachitsulo chochepa cha carbon imakhalabe yosasinthika pakapita nthawi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndiyo yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito chitukuko cha nthawi yaitali (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Kupanga mapaipi ndi ndalama zotsika mtengo, zomwe zikutanthawuza kufunikira koyandikira kuchokera ku nthawi yayitali.Chifukwa chake, chitsulo chokhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri ndi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi chifukwa chimathandiza kuchepetsa kufunika kokonzanso nthawi zonse.Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi, chili ndi zovuta zake.Imathandizira makutidwe ndi okosijeni pamaso pa mpweya, nthaka ndi madzi (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Oxidation imatsogolera ku dzimbiri, zomwe zitha kusokoneza mtundu wamafuta ndi gasi poyenda.Choncho, chitsulo chochepa cha carbon chiyenera kuphimbidwa ndi zokutira zomwe zimalepheretsa okosijeni chifukwa mapaipi nthawi zambiri amakwiriridwa pansi pa nthaka, yomwe imathandizanso kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni.Chifukwa chake, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamphamvu (kutha kupirira kupsinjika pakutsitsa ndi kutsitsa), ductility (kutha kupirira kupsinjika pakapita nthawi kapena mphamvu yamanjenje), komanso kutha kukana kusintha. , ming'alu ndi ming'alu.
Njira Zopewera Zidzimbiri
Kuwonongeka kwadziwika kuti ndiye vuto lalikulu lomwe likukhudza magwiridwe antchito a mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.Kuipa kwa dzimbiri kumasonyeza kufunika kokonza njira zogonjetsera chiwopsezocho, makamaka popewa kuchitika kwa ngozi zobwera chifukwa cha kutayikira ndi kuthyoka.Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutengeka kwa okosijeni pamaso pa electrolytes, madzi ndi carbon dioxide.Zimbiri zakunja ndizomwe zimapangitsanso kukhudzana ndi nthaka, zomwe zimathandiziranso makutidwe ndi okosijeni.Choncho, imodzi mwa njira zoyendetsera dzimbiri zakunja ndi zokutira ndi chitetezo cha cathodic (Baker, 2008).Chitetezo cha Cathodic ndikugwiritsira ntchito panopa ku payipi kusokoneza kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi kuchokera ku anode kupita ku cathode.Zimapanga gawo la cathodic pamwamba pa payipi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anode omwe ali pamalo owonekera samagwira ntchito.Chitoliro chimagwira ntchito ngati cathode, zomwe zikutanthauza kusowa kwa kayendedwe ka ma electron.Kuphatikiza apo, chitetezo cha cathodic chimatsogolera ku chitukuko cha madipoziti omwe amateteza chitsulo chifukwa ali amchere mwachilengedwe.Baker (2008) akuwonetsa njira ziwiri zazikulu zachitetezo cha cathodic.Njira yotetezera anode yopereka nsembe imaphatikizapo kulumikiza chitoliro ndi chitsulo chakunja chomwe chimakhala ndi ntchito yochuluka kuposa chitsulo.Chitsulocho chimayikidwa kutali ndi payipi koma ndi- mu electrolyte (nthaka).Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti pakali pano idzayenderera kuchitsulo chifukwa imachita zambiri kuposa zitsulo.Chifukwa chake, chitsulo choperekera nsembe chimawonongeka poteteza payipi yamafuta ndi gasi ku dzimbiri.Njira yapano ya anode yochititsa chidwi imaphatikizapo kuyambitsa kwaposachedwa pakati pa payipi ndi anode.Cholinga chake ndi kukopa panopa kutali ndi payipi, zomwe zimalepheretsa dzimbiri.Chifukwa chake, chitetezo cha cathodic chimaphatikizapo kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka pano kuchokera ku anode kupita ku mapaipi kudzera mu electrolyte.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kumadalira mtundu wa mapaipi, ndi mawonekedwe a geological a dera lomwe likuganiziridwa (Baker, 2008).Komabe, njirayo singakhale yothandiza payokha chifukwa ingakhale yokwera mtengo kuti ifanane ndi mmene payipi ikuyendera ndi mbali yonse ya mapaipiwo.
Njira Yabwino Yoyendera Kuwonongeka
Corrosion yadziwika ngati vuto lalikulu lomwe likukhudza nkhawa zachitetezo chaukadaulo wamapaipi ku United States.Chifukwa chake, kasamalidwe ka dzimbiri kuyenera kukhala kofunikira kwambiri kwa omwe akuchita nawo gawo lamafuta ndi gasi.Cholinga kapena cholinga cha anthu okhudzidwa ndi chitukuko cha mapaipi opanda ngozi, zomwe zingatheke makamaka poyendetsa dzimbiri.Chifukwa chake, okhudzidwa akuyenera kuyika ndalama pakuwunika mosalekeza kayendedwe ka mapaipi kuti adziwe madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri, komanso omwe akufunika chitetezo.Kuyang'anira ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri powunika chifukwa imathandizira kuzindikira zolakwika mkati mwadongosolo.Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi, ndipo kusankha kwawo kumadalira mtundu ndi malo a payipiyo, komanso zolinga za kuwunika.Njira yoteteza cathodic popewa dzimbiri ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pakuwunika.Zimathandiza akatswiri kusonkhanitsa deta yofunikira kuti awone kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri pa chitoliro, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti njirayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang'anira kuyang'anira kunja.Deta yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali imathandizira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa chitoliro, zomwe zimakhudza chitukuko cha kukonza.Mosakayikira, kuyang'ana kunja kwa dzimbiri kumakhala kosavuta chifukwa kumadalira kuyang'ana kunja, komanso kusonkhanitsa deta pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotetezera cathodic.Pipeline Inspection Gauges (PIGS) ndi zida zomwe zimalowetsedwa mkati mwa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi mothandizidwa ndi madzi oyenda.Ukadaulo wa ma PIG wasinthanso kuti uphatikizepo mbali zanzeru zomwe zimathandizira kuzindikira mosavuta malo omwe ali ndi vuto mkati mwa mapaipi.Luntha limayang'ana kuthekera kwa omwe amapanga kujambula deta pamtundu wa mapaipi, komanso zolemba zomwe zidzawunikenso pambuyo pake (Pistoia, 2009).Zipangizo zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo zatamandidwa chifukwa chosawononga.Ma electromagnetic mawonekedwe a PIGs ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino yowunika.Zimathandizira kuzindikira zolakwika mkati mwa mapaipi, komanso kuopsa kwa zolakwika izi.Njira yowunikira ma PIGs ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo ndi chitsanzo cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito zamakono, makamaka mu njira zokhudzidwa ndi zolakwika mkati mwa mapaipi.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakuwunika mapaipi a gasi chifukwa zida sizimasokoneza kapangidwe kawo ndi mawonekedwe ake.Ma PIG amathandizira kuzindikira zolakwika zapaipi wamba monga kutopa kwa dzimbiri ndi mano pakati pa zolakwika zina.Kutopa kwa dzimbiri kumatanthawuza kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonongeka kwa luso lamakina achitsulo pambuyo pa dzimbiri.Ndipotu, ena ogwira nawo ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito kutopa kwa dzimbiri kuti ayang'ane kukula kwa dzimbiri.Zolinga zake ndikuti dzimbiri ndi mtundu wa kuukira kwa makina, zomwe zimatheka pamaso pa zoyambitsa monga hydrogen sulphide.Chifukwa chake, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kuukira kwamakina pazitsulo, komwe kumapanga kutopa kwa dzimbiri, ndi njira yabwino yowonera dzimbiri.M'malo mwake, opanga abwera ndi zida zomwe zimathandiza kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kutopa kwa dzimbiri.Chifukwa chake, kuyeza kutopa kwa dzimbiri ndi njira yabwino yowonera kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri m'mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.Njirayi imagwira ntchito poyang'ana kunja ndi mkati mwa dzimbiri chifukwa cha zovuta zake zamagetsi ndi zomangamanga.Njirayi imazindikira zolakwika mkati ndi kunja kwa payipi pogwiritsa ntchito makulidwe a khoma lotsalira chifukwa cha dzimbiri.Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti umathandizira s kuyang'anira dzimbiri panja ndi mkati mwa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.Njira yowunikirayi yapeza kutchuka posachedwapa chifukwa cha mtengo wake, kudalirika komanso kuthamanga.Komabe, zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kuchepetsa kusadalirika ngati kukhudzidwa ndi phokoso.Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi Dai et al.(2007), njirayi imakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe ka chitoliro, makamaka kuuma kwa khoma.
MAWU OTSIRIZA
Pomaliza, dzimbiri ndi nkhani yomwe ikubwera yomwe ikufunika kuthandizidwa mwachangu popanga mapangidwe atsopano ndi njira zopewera ndi kuwongolera.Zotsatira za dzimbiri zatsimikizira kuti zikuwopseza kukhazikika ndi mphamvu zamapaipi pogawa mafuta ndi gasi kuchokera kumalo opangira zinthu kupita kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.Mafuta ndi gasi ndizofunikiramagwero a mphamvu ku United States ndi dziko lapansi, zomwe zimatsimikizira kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito ndi njira zogawa.Kupanda njira zogwirira ntchito zogawira mafuta ndi gasi sikungangosokoneza kuchita zinthu zopindulitsa komanso kuwopseza moyo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ngozi.Kuwonongeka kumabweretsa kuchepetsa mphamvu zamapaipi amafuta ndi gasi pamakina, zomwe zimabweretsa kutayikira ndi zovuta zina.Kutayikira ndi koopsa chifukwa kumayika anthu pachiwopsezo cha kuphulika ndi moto, komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa ngozi zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi kumachepetsa chidaliro cha anthu pamakinawa chifukwa zimatsutsa chitetezo chapaipipo.Njira zosiyanasiyana zodzitetezera zomwe zimayikidwa kuti zithetse dzimbiri m'mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi zimayang'ana kwambiri zachitsulo chochepa kwambiri cha carbon, chomwe ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kupanga mapaipi.Monga tafotokozera mu pepalali, pakufunika kuyika ndalama mu njira zodziwira ndi kuyang'ana dzimbiri m'mipope chifukwa ndiye maziko a kupewa ndi kuwongolera.Ukadaulo wapereka mwayi wopanda malire kuti ukwaniritse zomwezo, koma pakufunika kuyika ndalama zambiri kuti tipeze njira zabwino zodziwira, kupewa ndi kuwongolera dzimbiri, zomwe zingapangitse zotsatira zomwe zikugwirizana nazo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-03-2019