Vavu Yotetezedwa Pansi Pansi Pansi Pansi Pamwamba (SCSSV)

Control Line

Chingwe chaching'ono cha hydraulic chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito zida zotsikira pansi monga valavu yachitetezo chapansi pamadzi (SCSSV).Machitidwe ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mzere wowongolera amagwira ntchito mopanda chitetezo.Munjira iyi, mzere wowongolera umakhalabe wopanikizika nthawi zonse.Kutayikira kulikonse kapena kulephera kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa kuthamanga kwa mzere wowongolera, kuchita kutseka valavu yachitetezo ndikupangitsa chitsime kukhala chotetezeka.

Vavu Yotetezedwa Pansi Pansi Pansi Pansi Pamwamba (SCSSV)

Valavu yotetezera kutsika yomwe imayendetsedwa kuchokera kumtunda kudzera pa mzere wowongolera womangidwira kunja kwa chubu chopangira.Mitundu iwiri yofunikira ya SCSSV ndiyofala: yobweza mawaya, pomwe zida zazikulu zotetezera zimatha kuyendetsedwa ndikubwezedwa pa slickline, ndi ma chubu obweza, momwe gulu lonse lachitetezo limayikidwa ndi chingwe cha chubu.Dongosolo loyang'anira limagwira ntchito mopanda chitetezo, ndi mphamvu ya hydraulic control yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito potsegula mpira kapena msonkhano wa flapper womwe ungatseke ngati kuwongolera kutayika.

Vavu yachitetezo cha Downhole (Dsv)

Chida chotsitsa chomwe chimalekanitsa kuthamanga kwa bore ndi madzi pakagwa mwadzidzidzi kapena kulephera koopsa kwa zida zapamtunda.Njira zowongolera zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma valve otetezera nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa mopanda chitetezo, kotero kuti kusokonezeka kulikonse kapena kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo kumapangitsa kuti valve yotetezera chitetezo itseke kuti chitsime chikhale chotetezeka.Mavavu oteteza kumunsi amayikidwa pafupifupi m'zitsime zonse ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsatira malamulo am'deralo kapena zigawo.

Chingwe Chopanga

Njira yoyamba yomwe madzi amadzimadzi amapangidwira pamwamba.Chingwe chopangira nthawi zambiri chimasonkhanitsidwa ndi machubu ndi zida zomaliza m'makonzedwe omwe amagwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya chitsime ndi njira yopangira.Ntchito yofunikira ya chingwe chopangira ndi kuteteza machubu oyambira pachitsime, kuphatikiza posungira ndi liner, kuti zisawonongeke kapena kukokoloka ndi madzi osungira.

Vavu Yotetezedwa Pansi Pansi (Sssv)

Chipangizo chotetezera chomwe chimayikidwa pachitsime chakumtunda kuti chitseke mwachangu ma ngalande opangira pakakhala ngozi.Mitundu iwiri ya valve chitetezo chapansi pa nthaka ilipo: yoyendetsedwa pamwamba ndi pansi pa nthaka.Pazochitika zonsezi, dongosolo la chitetezo cha valve lakonzedwa kuti likhale lopanda chitetezo, kotero kuti chitsimecho chimakhala chokhazikika pakagwa vuto lililonse la dongosolo kapena kuwonongeka kwa malo opangira kupanga.

Kupanikizika:Mphamvu yomwe imagawidwa pamwamba, nthawi zambiri imayesedwa mu mphamvu ya mapaundi pa inchi imodzi, kapena lbf/in2, kapena psi, m'magawo amafuta aku US.Metric unit for force ndi pascal (Pa), ndi zosiyana zake: megapascal (MPa) ndi kilopascal (kPa).

Production Tubing

Chitsime chamadzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi osungira.Machubu opangira amasonkhanitsidwa ndi zida zina zomaliza kuti apange chingwe chopangira.Machubu opangira omwe amasankhidwa kuti amalize chilichonse akuyenera kugwirizana ndi geometry ya chitsime, mawonekedwe opangira posungira ndi madzi amadzimadzi.

Casing

Chitoliro cham'mimba mwake chachikulu chimatsitsidwa pabowo ndikuyika simenti.Wopanga chitsime ayenera kupanga chotchinga kuti chipirire mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, monga kugwa, kuphulika, kulephera kwamphamvu, komanso mitsinje yowopsa yamankhwala.Zolumikizana zambiri zapakhomo zimapangidwa ndi ulusi wachimuna kumapeto kulikonse, ndipo zolumikizana zazitali zazifupi zokhala ndi ulusi waakazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza mfundo zolumikizirana pamodzi, kapena zolumikizira zolumikizira zimatha kupangidwa ndi ulusi wachimuna kumapeto kwina ndi ulusi wachikazi. zina.Casing imayendetsedwa kuti iteteze mapangidwe amadzi opanda mchere, kupatula malo omwe atayika, kapena kudzipatula mawonekedwe okhala ndi ma gradient osiyana kwambiri.Opaleshoni yomwe chotengeracho chimayikidwa mu chitsime chimatchedwa "running pipe."Casing nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku plain carbon steel yomwe imatenthedwa ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana koma imatha kupangidwa mwapadera ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu, titaniyamu, fiberglass, ndi zinthu zina.

Production Packer:Chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisakanize zotsekera ndikuzimitsa kapena kuteteza pansi pa chingwe chopangira chubu.Mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a mapaketi opangira amapezeka kuti agwirizane ndi geometry ya chitsime ndi mawonekedwe amadzimadzi osungira.

Hydraulic Packer:Mtundu wa packer womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga.Chojambulira cha hydraulic chimayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito hydraulic pressure yomwe imayikidwa kudzera mu chubu cha chubu osati mphamvu yamakina yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa chingwe cha chubu.

Sealbore Packer

Mtundu wazopaka zopangira zomwe zimakhala ndi chosindikizira chomwe chimavomereza chosindikizira choyikidwa pansi pa chubu chopangira.Sealbore Packer nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pa mawaya kuti athe kuyanjanitsa kolondola.Pazinthu zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuyenda kwakukulu kwa chubu, mwina chifukwa cha kukula kwa matenthedwe, chosindikizira chosindikizira ndi chosindikizira chimagwira ntchito ngati cholumikizira.

Mgwirizano wa Casing:Utali wa chitoliro chachitsulo, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chautali wa mamita 13 ndi cholumikizira cha ulusi kumapeto kulikonse.Malo olowa m'bokosi amasonkhanitsidwa kuti apange chingwe chokhazikika chautali wolondola komanso mawonekedwe a chitsime chomwe chimayikidwamo.

Casing Grade

Dongosolo lozindikiritsa ndi kugawa mphamvu za zida zosungira.Popeza kuti choyikapo mafuta ambiri chimakhala cha chemistry yofanana (yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala chitsulo) ndipo imasiyana kokha ndi kutentha komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, makina opangira mafutawa amapereka mphamvu zofananira za posungira kuti zipangidwe ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zitsime.Chigawo choyamba cha nomenclature, kalata, chimatanthawuza mphamvu yamphamvu.Gawo lachiwiri la kutchulidwa, nambala, limatanthawuza mphamvu zochepa zokolola zachitsulo (pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha) pa 1,000 psi [6895 KPa].Mwachitsanzo, kalasi ya casing J-55 ili ndi mphamvu zokolola zochepa za 55,000 psi [379,211 KPa].Gulu la P-110 la casing limasonyeza chitoliro champhamvu chapamwamba chokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zokolola za 110,000 psi [758,422 KPa].Mlingo woyenera wa kasungidwe ka ntchito iliyonse nthawi zambiri umatengera kukakamizidwa ndi dzimbiri.Popeza wopanga bwino amakhudzidwa ndi kutulutsa kwa chitoliro pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yotsitsa, kalasi ya casing ndi nambala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera zambiri.Zida zosungiramo zolimba kwambiri ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri, kotero chingwe cha casing chingaphatikizepo magiredi awiri kapena kuposerapo kuti muwongolere mtengo wake ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito oyenera kutalika kwa chingwecho.Ndikofunikiranso kuzindikira kuti, nthawi zambiri, kukweza mphamvu zokolola, m'pamenenso chiwopsezo cha casing ndi sulfide stress cracking (H2S-induced cracking).Choncho, ngati H2S ikuyembekezeredwa, wojambula bwino sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito ma tubula ndi mphamvu monga momwe angafune.

Paphata pa Chichewa 177 Pamwamba pakusweka, kusweka kapena kupatukana mkati mwa thanthwe pomwe sipanakhalepo kuyenda kofanana ndi ndege yomwe ikufotokozera.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa olemba ena kungakhale kwachindunji: Pamene makoma a fracture asuntha mwachibadwa kwa wina ndi mzake, fracture imatchedwa mgwirizano.

Slip Joint: Malo olumikizirana ma telescope pamwamba pa ntchito zoyandama za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zimalola kuti chombo chizigwedezeka (kusuntha molunjika) ndikusunga chitoliro chokwera chapansi panyanja.Chombocho chikakwera, matelesikopu olowa m'malo olowera amalowera kapena kutuluka molingana ndi kuchuluka komweko kotero kuti chokwera pansi pa cholumikizira sichimakhudzidwa ndi kuyenda kwa chotengera.

Wireline: Zokhudzana ndi njira iliyonse yodula mitengo yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chingwe chamagetsi kutsitsa zida mubowo ndikutumiza deta.Kudula mawaya ndi kosiyana ndi kuyeza-pamene-kubowola (MWD) ndi kudula matope.

Drilling Riser: Chitoliro cha m'mimba mwake chachikulu chomwe chimalumikiza stack ya BOP ya pansi pa nyanja ndi chingwe choyandama kuti chitenge matope kubwerera pamwamba.Popanda chokwera chokwera, matopewo akanangokhuthuka kuchokera pamwamba pa muluwo n’kupita pansi pa nyanja.Chokweracho chikhoza kuonedwa ngati chowonjezera kwakanthawi kwa chitsime pamwamba.

BOP

Valavu yaikulu pamwamba pa chitsime chomwe chingatsekedwe ngati ogwira ntchito kubowola ataya mphamvu yamadzi opangira.Potseka valavu iyi (yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito patali pogwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulic actuators), ogwira ntchito pobowola amatha kubwezeretsanso malo osungiramo madzi, ndipo njirazo zikhoza kuyambitsidwa kuti ziwonjezere kuchuluka kwa matope mpaka kutheka kutsegula BOP ndikusunga kulamulira kwamphamvu kwa mapangidwe.

Ma BOP amabwera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, makulidwe, komanso kukakamiza.

Ena amatha kutseka pachitsime chotseguka.

Zina zimapangidwira kuti zisindikize mozungulira zigawo za tubular m'chitsime (bowola, casing, kapena chubu).

Ena amaikidwa pazitsulo zolimba zometa zitsulo zomwe zimatha kudula pobowola.

Chifukwa ma BOP ndi ofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, chowongolera, ndi chitsime chokha, ma BOP amawunikidwa, kuyesedwa, ndi kukonzedwanso nthawi ndi nthawi zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuphatikiza kuwunika kwachiwopsezo, machitidwe amderalo, mtundu wa bwino, ndi zofunikira zamalamulo.Mayeso a BOP amasiyana kuchokera pakuyesa ntchito tsiku lililonse pazitsime zovuta mpaka kuyezetsa pamwezi kapena kuchepera pafupipafupi pazitsime zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimakhala ndi mwayi wocheperako wowongolera bwino.

Mphamvu Yamphamvu: Mphamvu pagawo lodutsa gawo lomwe limafunikira kuti mulekanitse chinthu.

Zokolola: Kuchuluka kwa thumba limodzi la simenti yowuma mutasakaniza ndi madzi ndi zowonjezera kupanga slurry ya kachulukidwe komwe mukufuna.Zokolola zimawonetsedwa mu mayunitsi aku US ngati ma kiyubiki mapazi pa thumba (ft3/sk).

Sulfide Stress Cracking

Mtundu wa brittle kulephera modzidzimutsa muzitsulo ndi ma aloyi ena amphamvu kwambiri akakumana ndi hydrogen sulfide yonyowa ndi malo ena a sulfidic.Malunjidwe a zida, mbali zolimba za zoteteza kuphulika ndi ma valve trim ndizovuta kwambiri.Pachifukwachi, pamodzi ndi kuopsa kwa mpweya wa hydrogen sulfide, ndikofunikira kuti matope amadzi azikhala opanda sulfide osungunuka makamaka hydrogen sulfide pa pH yochepa.Sulfide stress cracking imatchedwanso hydrogen sulfide cracking, sulfide cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking ndi sulfide stress-corrosion cracking.Kusiyanasiyana kwa dzinali ndi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mgwirizano mu makina olephera.Ofufuza ena amaona kuti sulfide-stress cracking ndi mtundu wa kupsinjika-kusweka kwa dzimbiri, pamene ena amawona ngati mtundu wa hydrogen embrittlement.

Hydrogen sulfide

[H2S] Mpweya wapoizoni kwambiri wokhala ndi mamolekyu a H2S.Pakachulukirachulukira, H2S imakhala ndi fungo la mazira ovunda, koma ikafika pamwamba, yakupha, imakhala yopanda fungo.H2S ndi yowopsa kwa ogwira ntchito ndipo masekondi pang'ono owonekera pamalo otsika kwambiri amatha kupha, koma kukhudzana ndi kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kumathanso kuvulaza.Zotsatira za H2S zimadalira nthawi, mafupipafupi ndi mphamvu ya kuwonetseredwa komanso kutengeka kwa munthu.Hydrogen sulfide ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu komanso chowopsa, kotero kuzindikira, kuzindikira ndi kuyang'anira H2S ndikofunikira.Popeza mpweya wa hydrogen sulfide umapezeka m'mapangidwe ena apansi panthaka, kubowola ndi antchito ena ogwira ntchito ayenera kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodziwira, zida zodzitetezera, maphunziro oyenerera ndi njira zodzidzimutsa m'madera omwe amapezeka ndi H2S.Hydrogen sulfide imapangidwa pakawola zinthu zamoyo ndipo imapezeka ndi ma hydrocarbon m'malo ena.Imalowa m'matope obowola kuchokera ku mapangidwe apansi panthaka ndipo imatha kupangidwanso ndi mabakiteriya ochepetsa sulphate m'matope osungidwa.H2S ikhoza kuyambitsa sulfide-stress-corrosion corrosion ya zitsulo.Chifukwa ndiyowononga, kupanga kwa H2S kungafunike zida zopangira zamtengo wapatali monga machubu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Ma sulfide amatha kutenthedwa popanda vuto lililonse kuchokera kumatope amadzi kapena matope amafuta pothandizidwa ndi sulfide scavener yoyenera.H2S ndi asidi ofooka, kupereka ma ayoni awiri a haidrojeni muzochita za neutralization, kupanga ma HS- ndi S-2 ions.M'matope a m'madzi kapena m'madzi, mitundu itatu ya sulfide, H2S ndi HS- ndi S-2 ions, imakhala yofanana ndi madzi ndi H+ ndi OH-ion.Maperesenti agawidwe pakati pa mitundu itatu ya sulfide imadalira pH.H2S ndi yaikulu pa pH yotsika, HS-ion ndi yaikulu pakati pa pH ndipo ma ions a S2 amalamulira pH yapamwamba.Munthawi yofananira iyi, ma ayoni a sulfide amabwerera ku H2S ngati pH yatsika.Ma sulfide m'matope amadzi ndi matope amafuta amatha kuyeza mochulukira ndi Sitima ya Gasi ya Garrett molingana ndi njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi API.

Casing String

Chitoliro chachitsulo cholumikizidwa kuti chigwirizane ndi chitsime china.Zigawo za chitoliro zimalumikizidwa ndikutsitsidwa m'chitsime, kenako ndikumangirira m'malo mwake.Mapaipiwo amakhala otalika pafupifupi mamita 12, ndipo amakhala aamuna kumbali iliyonse ndipo amalumikizana ndi ulusi wautali waakazi awiri otchedwa ma couplings.Zingwe zomangira zingwe zazitali zingafunike zida zamphamvu zapamwamba pagawo lakumtunda kwa chingwe kuti zipirire kuchuluka kwa zingwe.Magawo apansi a chingwecho atha kulumikizidwa ndi chotchinga chokulirapo chapakhoma kuti apirire kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe kungathe kuzama.Chitsime chimayendetsedwa kuti chiteteze kapena kulekanitsa mapangidwe oyandikana ndi chitsime.